Disentangling the Belowground Web of Biotic Interactions in Temperate Coastal Grasslands: From Fundamental Knowledge to Novel Applications

Grasslands represent an essential part of terrestrial ecosystems. In particular, coastal grasslands are dominated by the influence environmental factors resulting from sea–land interaction. Therefore, extremely heterogeneous both spatially and temporally. this review, recent knowledge in field biotic interactions grassland soil is summarized. A detailed analysis arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis, rhizobial plant–parasitic plant interactions, plant–plant performed. The role particular functioning a ecosystem characterized. Special emphasis placed on future directions development practical applications for sustainable agriculture restoration. It concluded that omnipresent important constituents different services provided grasslands.